Title : Journal of Cultura and Lingua Initial : CULINGUA Frequency : 3 times in a year (January, May, and September) DOI : prefix 10.37301 by Online ISSN : 2746-4806 Editor-in-chief : Dr. Willy Satria Publisher : Universitas Bung Hatta Organized by : Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Indexed by : DOAJ, Google Scholar Journal of Cultura and Lingua (CULINGUA) is a journal of Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Bung Hatta. It consists of a collection of research papers and articles written by professionals and academicians in the field of language and culture.
VIOLATION OF POLITENESS PRINCIPLE IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA YOUTUBE
Being polite is necessary for certain situations because it is closely related to others. Thus, when saying something, a speaker is expected to consider the context. This article describes the violation of politeness principles by social media users, youtube in communication. The data were the utterances categorized as violating the maxims of politeness principles taken from a youtube channel of an Indonesian artist Luthfia Gazali named Luthfia Gazali Youtube Channel. The analysis was conducted by using the concept of politeness principles related to the context. All utterances will be connected with everything that embodies the emergence of hose utterances (explain more) The result of the study is narratively presented. The data analysis found that the speakers violated four maxims out of six maxims of politeness. They are tact, generosity, approbation, and sympathy maxim. The approbation maxim occurs more than others because this social media becomes the means to express anger and disappointment toward the video posted by Luthfia Gazali Youtube Channel.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ike Revita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOME ASPECT S OF AMBIGUITY BETWEEN KURDISH AND ENGLISH : A CONTRASTIVE STUDY
The possibilities of misunderstanding in language use often arise from differences at different language levels. Ambiguity is one of the semantic aspects that causes many communication and comprehension problems. People often need clarification on each other because of unclear written or spoken expressions. In this sense, ambiguity refers to an unclear meaning expressed by any form of communication. So, where there is a word, sign, term, symbol, phrase or sentence which can be interpreted in more than one meaning, this is called ambiguity and is found in every language. Therefore, it is considered one of the most problematic phenomena in languages. This paper examines some aspects of this phenomenon in the Kurdish and English languages and underlines the main differences. The results can assist the Kurdish EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in mastering the English language
Copyright (c) 2023 Soran Badawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ICONICITY OF DIRECTIONAL COMPLEMENT IN MANDARIN CHINESE
Bahasa Indonesia does not have the complement of direction quxiang buyu ???? as Mandarin, because the Indonesians are not used to thinking iconically like the Chinese. That is, an idea is parallel to language. This parallel between thinking and language is called iconicity. The research question is what kind of directions are in the complement. The goal is to understand different types of direction complement, such as zoushanglai ???, paochuqu ???, xiexialai ???.. The theory used is Peirce's iconicity theory which is within the scope of semiotics. The method used is to compare word order with action-direction sequences so that parallelism between thought-language or iconicity is embodied in the form of complementary direction. This research shows that Chinese people always have compound directive words like VVlai or VVqu to explicit their mind towards or leave the speaker. This kind of idea is embodied in the form of a directional complement. The directional complement is posited after the predicate verbal. The result shows the visible likeness expressing the parallel is due to the parallelism of thought and language or iconic in semiotics.
Copyright (c) 2023 hermina sutami, Assa Rahmawati Kabul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS POSTERS IN GHANA
This paper focused on the various roles multimodal posters play in the three major religions in Ghana i.e. Christianity, Islam and Traditional Religion, and also tried to investigate how these multimodal posters influence the lives of the general public. The researcher used primary sources to gather the data. Photographs of religion related posters were taken from church, shrine, mosque etc. premises or roadsides. Using purposive sampling the researcher employed semi-structured interview as the data collection strategy. This study works within the framework of Kress (2011) Multimodal Discourse Analysis theory; thus, it was used to analyze the multimodal posters employed by three religions in Ghana. The study revealed that posters involving multimodal resources specifically depicted the kind of faith or religion, and also performed symbolic functions which relate to persons differently based on their experiences. Again, this paper revealed that multimodal posters served as reinforcers, reminders and source of steadfastness in the faith. The research also showed how these posters influence the lives of the general public, such that symbolic information is shared, and also serve as a marketing tool for the religious denominations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Benjamin Sennie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXAMINING WRITTEN FEEDBACK TO STUDENTS' THESES: A TEACHER'S REFLECTION
This paper presents a reflection on an English teacher’s written feedback. This reflective study aims at evaluating the teacher’s written feedback practices. It adopts a qualitative approach, in which the author did a self-reflection of her own written feedback (Hamilton, Smith & Worthington, 2008) to her students’ thesis proposals and drafts (Walsh & Mann, 2015). The small study intends to seek answers of these questions: (1) what can be reflected from the teacher’s written feedback to her students’ theses drafts, and (2) what changes have been made as a result of the reflection? The objects of the reflection are two sets of written feedback that the teacher provided to two students’ thesis drafts and another two series of written feedback given to two students’ thesis proposal drafts between 2020 to 2022. Through the reflection of her own written feedback, the author found several issues:1) limited understanding of the concept of EMI and essence of literature review, (2) lack of synthesizing skills and skills in making the synthesis coherent with research questions and research methods design, (3) low organization skills, (4) and limited knowledge about research instrument protocols. Based on the reflection the author has made several changes, including giving a series of critical questions to stimulate and check student’s understanding of the theme/concept and of coherence between the synthesis, research questions, and research methods, and providing emphases on students’ understanding of the research instrument protocols prior to pilot study. This small reflective study implies the need for making reflection practice an important element of a teacher’s professional development.
Copyright (c) 2023 Anna Marietta da Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF METAPHORS IN THE ENGLISH QUOTES
This paper aims at explaining the use of metaphors in terms of types and functions as found in the English Quotes. The qualitative method is used to describe, analyze, and interpret the collected data. The data were taken from English Quotes published on the website of Pinterest, and all of the data were analyzed by using a semantics-cognitive approach. After doing the data analysis, the writers find nineteen anthropomorphic, sixteen animal metaphors, thirteen metaphors from concrete to abstract, and two synaesthetic metaphors used in the Quotes. The types of metaphors used in the Quotes reflect their functions. There are three functions in those metaphors, such as to convey the inexpressibility of action, shorten the language, and vividness of emotional states. Each of these functions consists of different categories. Then, the writers also find some of the English quotes are a member of a particular culture, such as American, Japanese, and Indonesian cultures, and mostly tend to be universal. The contribution of studying metaphors used in the English Quotes is to develop one’s imagination and enrich the English learners’ vocabularies. There are a lot of things that can be analogous to something else so that the delivery of words becomes beautiful, has artistic value and a beautiful texture, and is full of meaning.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nova Rina, Yusrita Yanti, Putri Hardiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF [2013a-2020] WASSCE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
The paper is a study aimed at scrutinizing the levels of thinking the West African Examination Council adopted in their previous English Language comprehension test items. It is observed that the examination body’s adoption of largely lower thinking levels of reading comprehension questions has resulted in limiting the cognitive abilities of language learners with regard to understanding what is read in school or out of school. Using Potts’ (1976) three main levels of questioning, this qualitative study analyzed eight reading comprehension passages with their questions from 2013 to 2020. The analysis results showed that the levels of thinking questions in comprehension were low and do not challenge the cognitive abilities of learners at the senior high school level. This study is crucial because it helps examination bodies to have a clear picture of the language assessment situation in the subregion of Africa.
Copyright (c) 2022 Benjamin Sennie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE REFLECTION OF EMBEDDED CULTURE THROUGH THE DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE SOCIAL DILEMMA DOCUMENTARY
In daily life, humans as social beings interact with one another to fulfill their needs. In this case, they tend to use various forms of communication, depending on the purpose. These patterns indicate the culture embraced by the speaker. It is reflected in the values they profess. Related to these phenomena, this study is aimed to analyze the embedded values reflected through the directive speech acts in an American Netflix documentary entitled “The Social Dilemma.” Revealing the negative side of social media, this documentary provides its viewers with the thoughts of technologists, researchers, and also activists with an interest in humanity. Through a descriptive qualitative method, it is found the direct and indirect types of directive speech acts of ordering, forbidding, advising, commanding, and suggesting reflect an embeddedness culture with security and self-discipline as the main values. The results of this study show that the value of security is dominating. These values are indicating the purpose of avoiding children and society from social media addiction.
Copyright (c) 2022 Elsa Ariska, Yusrita Yanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT IN A COPY OF MY MIND FILM BY JOKO ANWAR
Conflicts are defined as situations in which two or more parties believe their aims and or interests are in direct conflict with one another and act on that belief. This research examines how fictional characters could reflect our daily life deducted from a movie called “A Copy of My Mind” by Joko Anwar the main character named Sari. Psychological conflict theory would be applied to classifying the main character's utterance toward other characters that are classified into types that have occurred. The method and technique of collecting data is watching the film, note taking, comprehensive analysis, and grouping the data. A theory of psychological conflict by Kurt Lewin would be applied to answer conflicts that the main character has experienced; the method and technique of analyzing data is qualitative descriptive by secondary data. There are Approach-Approach Conflicts, Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts, Approach-Avoidance Conflicts, and Double-Approach Avoidance Conflicts. Instead of feeling remorse, she changes her mind, tempting but when looking at the consequences it is not worth it, she changes her mind by replying with the opposite reaction, when Alex assures her to look inside her bag, she refused his suspicion that she is the thief but she has no choice but to choose. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict is the most frequently occurs by the main character toward other characters. When an individual is confronted with two desired options but only one can be acquired, the approach-approach conflict would arise, in opposition to the avoidance-avoidance conflict to flee or avoid two bad options.
Copyright (c) 2022 Lidya Rachmatinna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LANGUAGE STYLE IN ANSWERING THE SPEECH ACT OF REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
Languages can be used in various ways to say the same thing, such as addressing and greeting others, informing and describing things, and also expressing how one’s feeling. This study aims at investigating the language style used in answering the speech act of requesting a piece of information. The problems were various in types and expressive functions. In collecting data, the writer used the instrument Discourse Completion Test (DCT) questionnaires that consist of the question “Where were you last Saturday night?”. The questionnaires were distributed to 40 students and asked them to complete the answer according to the situation given in the DCT. All of the data were observed, collected, classified, and analyzed qualitatively in a frame of discourse and socio-pragmatic theories. The results show language varieties in terms of formal and informal style with direct and indirect strategy; the varieties illustrate social meaning, speech functions as an expression of basic emotions, and politeness principles.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yusrita Yanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMBINING FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION AND ONLINE LEARNING IN A YOUNG LEARNER EFL SPEAKING CLASSROOMS
This study was aimed at finding out whether the implementation of blended learning by combining face-to-face interaction and online learning simultaneously in a young learner EFL speaking classroom could significantly improve their speaking proficiency. The data were collected by administering a monologue speaking test before and after the treatment by using this type of blended learning. The pretest and post-test scores were compared statistically using Wilcoxon’s Matched Pairs Signed Rank Test, which is a non-parametric significance test, because the data were not normally distributed based on the Shapiro Wilk test, even after data transformation attempts. In addition, the effect sizes were calculated by using a statistic analogous to the r used in the Mann–Whitney Test. The analysis results showed that the overall speaking proficiency significantly improved (p-value = 0.000). When speaking skills were analyzed individually, the p-value for all speaking skills showed significant evidence of improvement. The effect sizes were large except for the vocabulary component. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the implementation of blended learning by combining face-to-face interaction and online learning simultaneously in a young learner EFL speaking classroom could significantly improve the students’ speaking proficiency. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers apply this blended learning model to promote speaking skill practice in an EFL language classroom.
Copyright (c) 2022 Elfiondri, Faisal Mustafa, Siti Sarah Fitriani, Wiwiek Pratiwi, Puspawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE STUDENTS’ LEARNING NEEDS IN ZOOM APPLICATION SPEAKING ACTIVITY
During the Covid-19 pandemic, the process of the learning system has been changed from face-to-face to online classroom interaction. As a result, the learning activities also changed, leading to the different students’ learning needs. This article discusses an analysis of students’ learning needs in their speaking activity on the Zoom application in an online learning system. The sample of the study was 38 students from the State Islamic University of North Sumatra chosen by using the purposive random sampling technique. The data were obtained by distributing the adapted questionnaire developed by Songhori (2008) and the interview developed by Hutchinson and Waters (1991). This study revealed that students’ learning needs to include actively participating communicatively in speaking class. Besides, the students need the role of the teacher as a prompter, and they want the teacher to exemplify good speaking as the input of learning speaking. It also revealed that having a small group discussion, role-play, and the conversation was considered the students’ learning needs in speaking activities. The significance of this study can be the reflection of further learning processes in online learning systems, especially in a speaking activity on the zoom application.
Copyright (c) 2022 Siti Maulida Kamaliyah, Yetti Zainil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHINESE IDIOMS: SYNTACTIC FORMS AND CULTURAL VALUE
Chinese idioms possess Chinese cultural values. This study aims at finding out the cultural reflection of Chinese idioms by analyzing their syntactic form. Apart from the Indonesian language, most Chinese idioms (??chéngy?) consist of four characters. In general, idioms have various forms, such as compounds, phrases, and clauses. These forms can also be found in Chinese idioms. However, it is difficult to determine the syntactic form of several idioms, in other words, some idioms are syntactically opaque. In addition, we will also examine idioms that are syntactically transparent along with the degree of the compositionality of their meaning. Therefore, there are two types of idioms: syntactically transparent idioms and syntactically opaque idioms. Moreover, idioms are also related to their own metaphorical sense. Metaphorical idioms show the user's language realm in expressing a situation, an action, or an event that is referred to. To find whether a metaphor exists in an idiom, we examine its contribution of the constituent meaning to its whole meaning. The idioms used in this research are four-character idioms, which are taken from the “Chinese Internet Corpus”, which is the most popular online corpus. The selected idioms from the online corpus will be verified using the “Xinhua Idiom Dictionary”.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ayesa, Hermina Sutami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF VOCABULARY MASTERY OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN 9 YEARS OLD AT SLB NEGERI 1 RANAH PESISIR
This research discusses language acquisition in mentally retarded children at school and has the purpose to examine the mastery of language and vocabulary as well as sentence structures used by mentally retarded children in 9-year-old children of SLB Negeri 1 Ranah Pesisir. This research is qualitative, which contains a description of the child's language and vocabulary mastery and its presentation. vocabulary and sentence structure used by mentally retarded children. The data collection methods used in this research are observation and interview methods. The techniques used in this research are skillful listening techniques, and advanced recording and note-taking techniques. The population in this research were mentally retarded children and teachers who taught at SLB Negeri 1 Ranah Pesisir. The results of this research were Raju, a child with severe mental retardation, was able to understand 40 basic vocabularies from a total of 300 basic vocabularies provided, while Dayat, a mild mentally retarded child, was able to understand 200 basic vocabularies from a total of 300 basic vocabularies provided. This is natural because indeed the ability of children with severe and mild mental retardation is of course different, especially in language. The child's "ability to understand" is reflected in the IQ of each child, if the IQ for mild mental retardation is between 55-60 to 80, then severe mental retardation ranges from 15-20 to 25-30, so the ability to understand this basic vocabulary is different, Raju and Dayat.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dela Syafira, Agustina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE LEVEL OF THE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ANALYZED BY USING BARRETT TAXONOMY
Students are expected to have strong reading comprehension skills to face the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This article reports the study results on measuring the students' reading comprehension level when reading a narrative text in one of the senior high schools in Padang using Barrett's taxonomy. Two hundred and eighty students of the eleventh grade of the science program were involved in this study. They had learned narrative text in the tenth grade. Eighty students were chosen as the samples using cluster random sampling. They were put into two classes. This is a descriptive quantitative study that uses tests and questionnaires as research instruments. The study results show that the average of the students' scores was 64.525, classified as in the good category. The students were categorized well in responding to questions in the form of appreciation level. This study also discovered that students have difficulties in answering questions from evaluation levels.
Copyright (c) 2022 Annisa Krismadayanti, Yetti Zainil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH DELAY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Every parent expects their children to grow normally. However, some factors may affect the children's growth and bring about the delay of their getting old. There are several reasons, internally and externally, that lead to impaired child development. Parents are making some efforts to handle this situation, especially when it is related to speech. This writing aims to describe the factors influencing the delay of the children in speaking. The data were taken from around 5 of 7-8 years old children who suffered from speech delays in Padang city. The observational method with note-taking and interviewing techniques was involved in collecting the data. By using the concept of speech delay, the data were analyzed. After analyzing the data, it is found that some factors are causing the speech delay. They are 1) family relationship, 2) speech model and 3) gadget-cholic.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ike Revita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MARRIAGE SYSTEM IN MINANGKABAU CULTURE: TEMPORARY MINANGKABAU PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION
Minangkabau people tend to marry between close families in one village and mamak plays a very important role in marital affairs. In line with changes in various aspects of life, there are also changes in the marriage culture. This study aims to describe the perception of the marriage system in temporary Minangkabau society. This research is qualitative research with a descriptive method. Data was collected using a questionnaire filled out by 60 informants. Informants are spread over the core Minangkabau i.e. Luhak Tanah Datar, Luhak Agam, and Luhak 50 Kota) as well as overseas (Daerah Rantau) and coastal areas (Daerah Pesisir) i.e Padang City, Pariaman City, and Painan City). Percentage techniques are used to get the characteristic tendency. The results of the study reveal that there are variations in the response of the Minangkabau community, both as a whole, based on luhak, as well as overseas and coastal areas. The highest tendency to be matched by mamak and married to people from Minangkabau is in Luhak Tanah Datar and the Daerah Rantau and Pesisir (93.33%) and the lowest tendency is in Luhak Agam and Luhak 50 Kota (73.3%). However, overall Minangkabau people tend to be matched by mamak and married to people from Minangkabau (83%). In addition, in general, Minangkabau people marry other Minangkabau people to understand Minangkabau customs and regulations and to preserve the culture. However, because of the times, many Minangkabau people have married people outside the Minangkabau, partly because of the tradition of wandering.
Copyright (c) 2022 M. Sayuti Dt. Rajo Pangulu, Hasnul Fikri, Syofiani, Romi Isnanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVIATION OF POLITENESS PRINCIPLES IN THE COMMENTS COLUMN OF CNN INDONESIA AND KOMPAS TV IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA YOUTUBE CHANNELS
Language is a symbol that allows humans to continue to communicate with each other. One of the ways humans communicate during the industrial revolution 4.0 is by using social media. Youtube is one of the most popular social media in the world, including in Indonesia. The freedom to speak makes some people lose control so they violate the language politeness principle. The purpose of this study is to describe the form and analyze the causes of violations from the politeness principle in the comments column of the CNN Indonesia channel and KOMPASTV social media Youtube. The theories used in this study were about language (Kridalaksana, 2010), pragmatics (Nadar, 2013), language politeness (Chaer, 2010), politeness principles (Leech, 1993), cooperative principles (Grice, 1981), and language dissonance (Pranowo, 2009). The type of research used was descriptive qualitative research. The data sources used are comments from the comments column of CNN Indonesia and KOMPASTV channels on Youtube social media. The data collection technique used in this study was to collect data in the form of video information including titles, sources, and comments. The validity of the data was tested by using triangulation. Data analysis techniques used were entering data in the research table to be classified, looking for causes and backgrounds of violations, analyzing data, and concluding research results. Based on the results of data analysis on the comments column of CNN Indonesia and KOMPASTV channels on Youtube social media, there were 54 data with 69 deviations from the maxim of politeness in language, the violation of the maxims were as follows; the violation of generosity maxim, agreement maxim, sympathy maxim, and tact maxim. The causes of the violation were; (1) maximizing respect, (2) less maximizing agreement, (3) less maximizing sympathy, and (4) less maximizing the loss of others. The reasons behind these politeness violations were (1) the way of submitting comments was not good, (2) using words that were not needed, (3) submitting comments without valid data, and (4) the statements submitted were irrelevant to the topic being discussed. Meanwhile, comments that did not violate the rules were dominated by comments from netizens who provide suggestions and prayers. It was concluded that some netizens in the comments column of the CNN Indonesia channel and the Youtube social media KOMPASTV were still violating language politeness.
Copyright (c) 2022 Rivo Raihan , Yetty Morelent, Temmy Thamrin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS IN KAMALA HARRIS` VICTORY SPEECH: A STUDY OF MULTICULTURAL VALUES
This paper explores the types of expressive speech acts used by Kamala Harri in her victory speech as the first black female vice president in American history. Her personality as a Jamaican-American-Indian woman has attracted public attention, especially after the Black Lives Matter campaign. The five types of expressive speech acts in this study are based on Searle (1976). This speech act then refers to the words used to express the speaker’s feelings towards the situation, such as apologizing, thanking, deploring, and welcoming. The method used in this research is a qualitative method that involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data. The data of this study were taken from the transcript of Kamala’s victory speech retrieved from the website of the Washington Post. The results show there are 20 sentences used as the expressive speech act which reflect cultural values she owned as a Jamaican-Indian woman. These include greetings, gratitude, sadness, praise, happiness, and attention. Attentive speech includes speech acts of appreciation, willingness (hope), encouragement, the pride that shows solidarity. Behind these expressive speech acts, Harris implies a great intention to embrace multicultural values ??and empower the entire black community, especially women, and fight racism in the United States. Through her victory speech, Harris embodied multicultural values ??which imply her pride toward her ethnic roots and that she celebrates unity among diversities in the country of United States. Besides, the expressive speech acts reflect the social functions in leading a country.
MEMAAFKAN (TO FORGIVE) IN THE NOVEL HUJAN DAN TEDUH
The main character of the novel Hujan dan Teduh named Bintang reflects his always forgiving attitude. The concept of forgiveness is manifested through the words maaf (forgiveness or forgive), memaafkan (to forgive), maafin (forgive in colloquial Indonesian), and dimaafkan (to be forgiven) and exists in many cultures, both in Indonesia and elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to determine the kind of emotion or state of mind the word maaf is included is based on the five classes of emotion from Santangelo (1995) and to construct the component parameter of meaning from that word based on its class using Nida's theory (1975). The results of this study will reveal that the concept of forgiveness in Indonesian culture can contain various emotions. The significance of this research is to enrich the repertoire of research in the field of emotion especially associated with the concept of forgiveness for the people of Indonesia. This study focuses on the analysis of the state of mind and thoughts expressed in the novel Hujan dan Teduh. The theory used to perform the analysis is Santangelo's emotional theory. The data is in the form of the word maaf (forgiveness or forgive), memaafkan (to forgive), maafin (forgive in colloquial Indonesian), and dimaafkan (to be forgiven). To obtain the expression of the state of mind which is reflected in the four data words, the classification of data into the types of emotions based on the context that accompanies it is performed. This research uses the literature method and the results of the analysis are descriptive qualitative.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dewi Puspita, Izha, Hermina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEIXIS IN PASAMBAHAN MANJAPUIK MARAPULAI IN SOLOK CITY
This paper aims to reveal deixis used in the text of Pasambahan Manjapuik Marapulai in Solok city 'Pasambahan to pick up the bridegroom in Solok city’. The use of deixis in pasambahan is not the same as the use of deixis in everyday language. Pasambahan is one of the traditional ceremonies in Minangkabau which is conducted in dialogue between two parties, namely between the host and the guest. In the dialogue, the honorific greeting is often used because both parties (the prospective anak daro and the prospective marapulai) both respect and honor the speech partner. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a phenomenological approach. The research data consisted of primary data, secondary data, and researcher intuition. Data collection methods are direct participatory observation methods (direct, participatory observation); method of open and in-depth interviews (in-depth, open-ended interviews); focus-group discussion; written documents. The results of this study indicate that in TPMM it is found four types of deixis, namely personal deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.
Copyright (c) 2022 Eriza Nelfi, Iman Laili, Zulfian Elfiando https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPEECH ACT USED BY NADIM MAKARIM, THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY ABOUT INDEPENDENT LEARNING POLICY
This research was motivated by the use of simple, straightforward, and familiar language as well as an open communication pattern through various discussions and talks by Nadim Makarim (henceforth NM) in launching and conveying his policies as Minister of Education and Culture. On that basis, it is worth studying the speech acts used by NM in the Merdeka Learning program so that it can be implemented quickly by the implementers and users and has a positive impact on the implementation of the policies it makes. Therefore, this study aims to explain and analyze, (1) types of speech acts; (2) speaking strategy; and (3) implicature speech acts used in NM's talks and discussions as Minister of Education and Culture. This type of research is qualitative with a descriptive method. The data in this study are the utterances or sentences conveyed in the 2019 National Teacher's Day talk and the 3 Episodes of the Merdeka Learning policy discussion. The data source of this study was taken from the Youtube channel of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. The results of this study are as follows. First, five types of speech act used by NM in the discussion and discussion of the Merdeka Learning policy, namely (a) representative, (b) directive, (c) expressive, (d) commissive, and (e) declarative; dominant speech acts were found to be representative, (state, mention, explain and report); and the dominant locus was found to explain. Second, the three speaking strategies used by NM, namely (a) TTBB, (b) TBKP, and (c) TBKN, were dominated by the TBKP speaking strategy. Third, there are two speech act implicatures used by NM, namely (a) conventional implicatures and (b) implicatures in the use of the figure of speech, the forms of the figure of speech contained are metaphor, tutology, rhetoric, and meiosis; The dominant implicature found is implicature in the use of the figure of speech, namely with tutology figure of speech. The implications of this research, for the world of education, are targeting (1) school units, namely changing the education system in schools, changing the National Examination, the effectiveness of zoning, providing easy sharing of BOS funds; (2) higher education units, in SKS, universities must do a lot of collaboration-collaboration with companies, facilitating the accreditation system; and (3) Teachers/Lecturers, improve the quality of learning, creative, innovative, varied; do a lot of discussions; understand IT.
Copyright (c) 2021 Yustitiayu Novelly, Agustina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODERN PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES IN ELT CLASSROOM IN PAKISTAN’S SINDH PROVINCE
The current research investigates the use of modern pedagogies in Pakistan. It is intended to address the teaching community's pedagogical problems in Pakistan. Besides, the research also motivates teachers to make use of modern pedagogies and make their teaching effective. Although most teachers use obsolete methods of teaching, this research attempts to investigate and encourage the use of modern pedagogies in Pakistan. Furthermore, modern pedagogies effectively address the learning needs of students. Therefore, this research seeks to investigate which teaching pedagogies are used in teaching English in Pakistan’s Sindh province. Purposive sampling technique and survey questionnaire were used for collecting data from six participants who teach English in government colleges of Pakistan’s Sindh province. The research findings show that the participants are using modern pedagogies when teaching English in their colleges. Additionally, the researchers applied a qualitative method to analyze the data and used a survey questionnaire to collect primary data with the help of purposive sampling. Hence, the current research studies the problem of using modern teaching methodologies in a detailed manner.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ameer Ali, Mohammad Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BASIC EMOTIONS IN THE 2008 US PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES: WHAT AND HOW
The present study investigates the basic emotions in the 2008 US Presidential Debates. Basic emotions refer to the emotional state or the strong feeling that is revealed through word use. In the presidential debates, each candidate conveyed ideas, information, and criticisms, and they also proposed a number of programs in the debates. In the delivery of the ideas, emotions accompany the speakers’ opinions. The emotions of the candidates were depicted in the words used. Such emotions can be a reflection of personal, group, and/or societal emotions as a result of an evaluation of social phenomena, situations, and conditions faced by people in society. Data used in this study were taken from three transcripts of the presidential debates between Democratic candidate Barrack Obama and his Republican opponent John McCain. All data were classified in terms of literal and non-literal expressions and analyzed comprehensively by using cognitive appraisal theory and other related theories that can be expanded in terms of basic emotion framework, function, value, and politeness framework. From the data analysis, the various emotions were verbalized through literal words or using vocabulary for emotion, figurative languages such as metaphor, personification, and irony/sarcasm; repetition of the same words, phrases, clauses/lexical bundles; and rhetorical questions. These words show how the expression of emotions reflects the function and values. This study is useful for improving communication skills to construct a polite, dynamic, and colorful speech.
Copyright (c) 2021 Yusrita Yanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS ON CLASS AND UNIT SHIFT FOUND IN MOVIE SUBTITLE: BLACK PANTHER
In this research, the writer attempts to find out forms of unit shift and class shift which are part of category shift in translation. The writer also tries to determine how each type can achieve equivalent meaning by considering movie translation principles. This analysis is conducted by using the qualitative method. The source of data of this research is the sentences or utterances from the Black Panther movie which is displayed by subtitles in both English and Indonesia. The data were collected by watching the movie with Indonesian subtitles and English as well which have been categorized and analyzed using Category shift theory by Catford and equivalent meaning theory which also analyzed based on movie translation principles. The writer figures out that forms of the unit shift are phrase, word and in the class shift there are verb, noun, adjective, and adverb. The equivalent in meaning of each data is achieved with different degrees such as complete meaning, increased meaning, and decreased meaning which are related to the principles of movie translation. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the types of unit shift and class shift are varied used by the translators which are still acceptable due to the consideration about achieving the equivalent in meaning for TL audiences.
Copyright (c) 2021 Pardian Arif Nurhadi, Diana Chitra Hasan, Temmy Thamrin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF KARNI ILYAS ABOUT RUU HIP IN INDONESIA LAWYER CLUB ON TV ONE: BENARKAH MELUMPUHKAN PANCASILA?
This research aims to expose how Karni Ilyas, the host of ILC, used politeness strategy through faces in communicating with political experts in ILC show episode RUU HIP: Benarkah Melumpuhkan Pancasila?. This research uses Brown’s and Levinson’s theory of Politeness Strategies. This research is qualitative research; the approach is thematic analysis, the data are fragmentations of Karni Ilyas’ utterances, and the data collection technique is documentation while the technique of data analysis is interpretation. This research exposes a result that Karni Ilyas used politeness strategies in hosting or moderating the show, but he used negative face to speak with speakers he has no intimate bond (in this case, they are Achmad Basarah, Aboebakar Al Habsyi, and Ali Mochtar Ngabalin) and he used positive face to speak with speaker he has familiar connection (in this case, it was Fadli Zon). Karni Ilyas used politeness strategies as a host or moderator in handling the political discussion in the ILC Show of the episode.
Copyright (c) 2021 Agung Pramujiono, Suhari, Tri Indrayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EICHMANN IS IN THE PANOPTICON: COMMENTS ON HANNAH ARENDT’S “BANALITY OF EVIL”
Hannah Arendt’s book “Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil” has led to a hot-debated argument among readers for years, in particular, the Jews. She has been criticized for describing the former Nazi officer, Adolf Eichmann, with the terms “thoughtless”, “clown”, and “banal”. However, through a close reading of the expression “banality of evil,” this paper presents the rational side of what Arendt has written about the offender, who has been responsible for murdering millions of people in the extermination camps. Many see him as guilty and extremely sinful. While others consider him as a heedless follower of fascism. This study aims to explore the invisible parts of this case – through the Jewish gazes on Eichmann during his trial which show the power relation that is depicted in Foucault’s “panopticism”, the influence of nationalism (Immanuel Kant), Ideology (Gramsci and Althusser), and obedience (Milgram’s experiment). This analysis demonstrates that Arendt has turned to philosophy and depicted Eichmann in his state of nature rather than being a German or a Nazi officer.
Copyright (c) 2021 Shajwan Nariman Fatah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CONTRASTIVE AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSES OF THE ADVERB WELL
This study aims to provide a clear picture of adverbs well through contrastive and contextual analyses in an effort to overcome translation problems. This study employs a semantic approach and is qualitative in nature. The data were collected in a purposive manner from The Little Oxford Thesaurus and the analysis was made into two phases, contrastive and contextual ones. There is a close relationship among the meanings of well in contrastive analysis, i.e. when it is contrasted with words (fast, thoroughly, carelessly, harshly, and nearly) of the same semantic domain and of the same level and in contextual analysis, i.e. when it is used in different contexts. The results of the analyses show that there are four semantic domains namely progress, manner, degree, and distance shared by both analyses. In other words, the meaning of well in the contrastive analysis is related to its meaning in the contextual analysis by means of four features, i.e. manner, distance, degree, and progress where manner occupies the highest percentage of the occurrence.
Copyright (c) 2021 Wedhowerti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REPRESENTATIONS OF TRAUMA, TRANSFERENCE, SUBALTERN DISCOURSE AND STOCKHOLM SYNDROME IN SYLVIA PLATH’S “DADDY”
Sylvia Plath’s controversial poem “Daddy” has usually been interpreted in biographical terms as an allegory of the poet’s troubled relationship with her father and her husband: the numerous references in it to Nazi Germany and the Holocaust are generally understood to be metaphors for the dominant and oppressive characters of these male figures. Thus, the aim of this study is to show other aspects such as trauma, transference, and subaltern discourse in the poem and to open the codes within the language. The methodology of this article is conducted through a semiotic reading. This essay reverses the metaphor, focusing on the speaker’s constantly shifting perspectives. And it argues, against the tradition, that the biographical context is of secondary importance: the focus of the poem, which was written in the context of the trial and execution of Adolf Eichmann, is on the speaker’s problematic identification and engagement with the trauma of the Jews. The analysis illustrates that it can therefore be understood as a unique and complex critique of Nazi ideology and social indoctrination, as they are experienced physically, linguistically, and psychologically.
THE DYNAMICS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANXIETY EXPERIENCED BY INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS
Foreign language anxiety is known as one of the variables that negatively affect students’ achievement. It may be influenced by many factors and therefore it is dynamics, not a stable variable. The objective of this study is to describe the dynamics of foreign language anxiety (FLA) of Indonesian students over a ten-week period. The level of anxiety was measured by using Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) administered in two-time points. 344 students from two senior high schools participated in the study. To examine the changes in students’ FLA, repeated measures Manova, repeated measures Anova and one-way ANOVA were used. The results revealed that the students’ foreign language anxiety level changed over time, with Fear of Failing the Class decrease while two other constructs, Communication Apprehension and Fear of Negative Evaluation showed an increase. Further study is suggested to examine factors that contribute to the dynamics of each construct.
Copyright (c) 2021 Diana Chitra Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0